Ecuador holds more species per square kilometer than any other country in the world. The variations in altitude and climate over short distances create a series of micro-climates and an extraordinary variety of habitats and ecosystems that explain this mega-biodiversity. The high and cold mountain ranges shelter very different species than the ones found in tropical humid regions, or on the coast.

Ecuador counts 10 state run national parks, 25 protected areas and 3 woodland reserves as well as many private reserves. Some 20 % of the territory is protected.